Miyezo ya udzu ndi kusamalira

Miyezo yogawa udzu

1. Udzu wapadera: Nthawi yobiriwira ndi masiku 360 pachaka. Udzuwo ndi wathyathyathya ndipo kutalika kwa udzuwo kumayendetsedwa pansi pa 25mm. Ndi woti anthu azingowonera.​

2. Udzu wa giredi yoyamba: nthawi yobiriwira ndi masiku opitilira 340, udzu ndi wathyathyathya, ndipo udzu ndi wochepera 40mm, kuti muonere komanso muzigwiritsa ntchito nthawi yopuma yabanja.​

3. Udzu wachiwiri: Nthawi yobiriwira ndi masiku opitilira 320, udzuwo ndi wathyathyathya kapena uli ndi malo otsetsereka pang'ono, ndipo udzuwo ndi wochepera 60mm, woyenera kupuma pagulu komanso kuponderezedwa pang'ono.​

4. Udzu wa pamlingo wachitatu: nthawi yobiriwira ya masiku opitilira 300, udzu wosakwana 100mm, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popumira anthu onse, kuphimba malo ouma, kuteteza malo otsetsereka, ndi zina zotero.​

5. Udzu wa gawo 4: Palibe malire a nthawi yobiriwira, ndipo kutalika kwa udzu sikokhwima. Umagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphimba mapiri opanda zomera ndikuteteza mapiri otsetsereka, ndi zina zotero.

Kusamalira udzu

1. Kudulira

Kuti udzu ukhale wosalala komanso wangwiro, udzu uyenera kudulidwa nthawi ndi nthawi. Kukula kwambiri kungayambitse matenda a mizu.

(1) Kuchuluka kwa kudula udzu

① Udzu wapadera uyenera kudulidwa masiku asanu aliwonse nthawi ya masika ndi chilimwe, komanso kamodzi kapena kawiri pamwezi nthawi ya autumn ndi yozizira kutengera momwe zomera zimakulira.

② Udzu wa kalasi yoyamba uyenera kudulidwa masiku 10 aliwonse panthawi yolima komanso kamodzi pamwezi nthawi ya autumn ndi yozizira.

③ Udzu wotsatira uyenera kudulidwa masiku 20 aliwonse panthawi yolima, kawiri nthawi ya autumn, osati kudulidwa nthawi yachisanu, komanso kachiwiri masika asanafike.

④Udzu wa giredi 3 uyenera kudulidwa kamodzi pachaka.

⑤Udzu wa giredi 4 uyenera kudulidwa bwino ndi burashi cutter kamodzi m'nyengo yozizira iliyonse.

Kusankha makina

① Udzu wapadera ukhoza kudulidwa ndi makina odulira udzu, udzu wa giredi yoyamba ndi yachiwiri ukhoza kudulidwa ndi makina odulira ozungulira, udzu wa giredi yachitatu ukhoza kudulidwa ndi makina opumira mpweya kapena odulira maburashi, ndipo udzu wa giredi yachinayi ukhoza kudulidwa ndi odulira maburashi. M'mbali zonse za udzu ziyenera kudulidwa. Gwiritsani ntchito chodulira burashi chofewa chamtundu wa chingwe kapena chodulira ndi manja.​

② Musanayambe kudula udzu, kutalika kwa udzu kuyenera kuyezedwa, ndipo kutalika kwa mutu wodula kuyenera kusinthidwa malinga ndi makina osankhidwa. Kawirikawiri, udzu wapadera mpaka wachiwiri, kutalika kwa kudula kulikonse sikuyenera kupitirira 1/3 ya kutalika kwa udzu.​

③Masitepe odulira: a. Chotsani miyala, nthambi zakufa ndi zinyalala zina mu udzu.

b. Sankhani njira yomwe imadutsana ndi njira yakale ndi osachepera 30° kuti mupewe kudula mobwerezabwereza mbali imodzi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti udzu ukule mbali imodzi.​c. Liwiro siliyenera kukhala lachangu kapena lochedwa, ndipo njirayo iyenera kukhala yowongoka. Payenera kukhala kuphatikana kwa pafupifupi 10cm pamalo odulira paulendo uliwonse wozungulira.

d. Mukakumana ndi zopinga, muyenera kuzizungulira, ndipo m'mphepete mwa udzu wosasinthasintha wozungulira ziyenera kudulidwa motsatira njira yokhota. Mukatembenuza, muyenera kuchepetsa mphamvu ya throttle.

e. Ngati udzu ndi wautali kwambiri, uyenera kudulidwa pang'onopang'ono, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso sikuloledwa.​

f. Gwiritsani ntchito chodulira burashi kudula ngodya, udzu pafupi ndi misewu, ndi udzu pansi pa mitengo. Zodulira burashi siziloledwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito podulira mozungulira maluwa ndi zitsamba zazing'ono (kuti mupewe kuwononga maluwa ndi mitengo mwangozi). Malo awa ayenera kudulidwa ndi zodula zamanja. Mwachitsanzo, mukadula, yeretsani udzu wodulidwa ndikuuyika m'matumba, yeretsani malowo, ndikutsuka makinawo.​

(3)Kudula udzumiyezo ya khalidwe

① Masamba akadulidwa, zotsatira zake zonse zidzakhala zosalala, popanda mafunde owonekera komanso mabala olakwika, ndipo m'mbali mwake mudzakhala osalala.

② Gwiritsani ntchito zodulira zamanja monga zodulira burashi kuti muchepetse kudula komwe kwachitika pa zopinga ndi m'mphepete mwa mitengo, popanda zizindikiro zoonekeratu za kudula komwe kwachitika. ③Palibe zizindikiro zoonekeratu za kusinthasintha kwa malo ndi malo ozungulira.

④Tsukani malowo, osasiya udzu kapena zinyalala. Muyezo woyenera kugwira ntchito: 200~300㎡/h pa makina amodzi.

2. Thirani madzi

① Udzu wapadera, woyamba, ndi wachiwiri uyenera kuthiriridwa kamodzi patsiku nthawi yachilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira, komanso kawiri kapena katatu pa sabata nthawi yophukira ndi yozizira kutengera nyengo.

②Udzu wa pamlingo wachitatu uyenera kuthiriridwa malinga ndi nyengo, ndipo mfundo yake ndi kupewa kuuma chifukwa cha kusowa kwa madzi. ③Udzu wa pamlingo wachinayi umadalira madzi ochokera kumwamba.

3. Kuchotsa udzu

Kupalira udzu ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakusamalira udzu. Udzu umakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri kuposa udzu wobzalidwa. Uyenera kutsukidwa nthawi yake, apo ayi udzayamwa michere ya m'nthaka ndikuletsa kukula kwa udzu wobzalidwa.

(1) Kupalira ndi manja

① Kawirikawiri, udzu wochepa kapena udzu wobzalidwa womwe sungathe kuchiritsidwa ndi mankhwala ophera udzu umachotsedwa pamanja.​② Kupalira ndi manja kumagawidwa m'malo, zidutswa, ndi mabuloko, ndipo ntchito yopalira imamalizidwa ndi antchito osankhidwa, kuchuluka, ndi nthawi. ③Ntchito iyenera kuchitidwa mutakhala pansi, ndipo kukhala pansi kapena kuwerama kuti mufufuze udzu sikuloledwa.​④Gwiritsani ntchito zida zothandizira kuchotsa udzu pamodzi ndi mizu ya udzu. Musachotse gawo lokhalo la udzu pamwamba pa nthaka. ⑤ Udzu wochotsedwa uyenera kuyikidwa mu chidebe cha zinyalala nthawi yake ndipo sayenera kusiyidwa mozungulira. ⑥ Kupalira udzu kuyenera kumalizidwa motsatizana ndi block, slice ndi malo.

(2) Kuchotsa udzu wothira mankhwala ophera udzu

① Gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu kuti muchepetse udzu woopsa womwe wafalikira.

② Iyenera kuchitidwa motsogozedwa ndi katswiri wa zaulimi, ndipo mankhwala ophera udzu ayenera kuperekedwa ndi katswiri wa zaulimi kapena katswiri, ndipo mankhwala ophera udzu ayenera kusankhidwa bwino ndi chilolezo cha woyang'anira kukonza zomera. ③Mukamapopera mankhwala ophera udzu, sungani mfuti yopopera pansi kuti utsi usalowe m'zomera zina.

④ Mukatha kupopera mankhwala ophera udzu, mfuti yopopera, mbiya, makina, ndi zina zotero ziyenera kutsukidwa bwino, ndipo chopoperacho chiyenera kupopedwa ndi madzi oyera kwa mphindi zochepa. Musathire madzi otsukidwa pamalo omwe pali zomera. ⑤ Mankhwala ophera udzu ndi oletsedwa pafupi ndi maluwa, zitsamba, ndi mbande, ndipo mankhwala ophera udzu ndi oletsedwa pa udzu uliwonse.

⑥ Sungani zolemba mukatha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu.

(3) Miyezo ya khalidwe loletsa udzu

① Palibe udzu wokwera kwambiri kuposa 15cm m'mabwalo a level 3 ndi kupitirira apo, ndipo chiwerengero cha udzu wotalika 15cm sichiyenera kupitirira mitengo 5/㎡.

②Palibe udzu wooneka bwino wa masamba otakata pa udzu wonse.

③Palibe udzu womwe waphuka m'munda wonse wa udzu.

4. Kupatsa feteleza

Feteleza ayenera kuyikidwa pang'ono komanso pafupipafupi kuti udzu ukule mofanana. (1) Feteleza

① Manyowa ophatikizana amagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri: osungunuka nthawi yomweyo ndi osungunuka pang'onopang'ono, omwe ndi feteleza akuluakulu a udzu. Manyowa osungunuka nthawi yomweyo amasungunuka m'madzi kenako amapopedwa. Manyowa osungunuka pang'onopang'ono nthawi zambiri amapopedwa mwachindunji kuti aume. Komabe, kutentha kwapafupi nthawi zambiri kumachitika mukamagwiritsa ntchito feteleza osungunuka pang'onopang'ono, kotero amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa udzu wokhala ndi zofunikira zochepa.

②Urea. Urea ndi feteleza wa nayitrogeni wothandiza kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pobzala udzu wobiriwira. Kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa nayitrogeni mopitirira muyeso pa udzu kungapangitse kuti zomera zitaye mphamvu zolimbana ndi matenda ndikudwala. Kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wa nayitrogeni molakwika kungayambitsenso kutentha, kotero nthawi zambiri sikoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mobwerezabwereza.

③ Kuailumei ndi feteleza wa nayitrogeni wamadzimadzi wokhala ndi zotsatira zofanana ndi urea.

④Feteleza wophatikizana wogwira ntchito nthawi yayitali ndi feteleza wolimba wokhala ndi zinthu zambiri, womwe uli ndi mawonekedwe a feteleza wokhalitsa komanso wabwino. Kawirikawiri, sipadzakhala vuto la kutentha, koma ndi lokwera mtengo.

(2) Mfundo zoyendetsera kusankha feteleza

Pa udzu wapamwamba komanso wapamwamba, gwiritsani ntchito feteleza wosakaniza nthawi yomweyo, kukongola kobiriwira mwachangu komanso feteleza wogwira ntchito nthawi yayitali. Pa udzu wapamwamba wachiwiri ndi wachitatu, gwiritsani ntchito feteleza wosakaniza wosungunuka pang'onopang'ono. Pa udzu wapamwamba wachinayi, kwenikweni palibe feteleza.

(3) Njira yoberekera

① Mukatha kusungunula feteleza wa papompano pamlingo wa 0.5% pogwiritsa ntchito njira yosambira m'madzi, thirani mofanana ndi chopopera champhamvu pamlingo wa 80㎡/kg. ② Mukatha kusungunula Kuailvmei malinga ndi kuchuluka ndi mlingo womwe wasonyezedwa, thirani ndi chopopera champhamvu.

③ Falitsani feteleza wogwira ntchito nthawi yayitali mofanana ndi manja motsatira malangizo, ndipo thirani madzi kamodzi musanayambe komanso mutamaliza feteleza.

④ Falitsani feteleza wosungunuka pang'onopang'ono mofanana pa mlingo wa 20g/㎡.

⑤ Gwiritsani ntchito urea pamlingo wa 0.5%, sakanizani ndi madzi, kenako thirani ndi mfuti yopopera yamphamvu.

⑥ Kuthira feteleza kumachitika m'malo, m'magawo ndi m'malo kuti zitsimikizire kuti zimagwirizana.

(4) Nthawi yoberekera

①Nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito feteleza kwa nthawi yayitali imatsimikiziridwa motsatira malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito feteleza.

② Pa udzu wapadera komanso woyamba womwe sugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wokhalitsa, ikani feteleza wophatikizana nthawi yomweyo kamodzi pamwezi.

③ Kuailvmei ndi urea zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kokha pofunafuna zobiriwira pa nthawi ya zikondwerero zazikulu ndi zowunikira, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kumawongoleredwa mosamala nthawi zina.

④ Ikani feteleza wosungunuka pang'onopang'ono pa udzu wachiwiri ndi wachitatu miyezi itatu iliyonse.

5. Kulamulira tizilombo ndi matenda

Samalani kupewa ndi kulamulira tizilombo ndi matenda, ndipo tengani njira zothanirana nazo zisanachitike malinga ndi momwe zimachitikira.

① Matenda ofala a udzu ndi monga madontho a masamba, blight, kuvunda, dzimbiri, ndi zina zotero. Tizilombo tofala ta udzu ndi monga nkhuyu, ma mole crickets, nyongolotsi, ndi zina zotero.​

② Kupewa matenda a udzu ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuyenera kukhala chinthu chofunika kwambiri. Pa udzu wapamwamba komanso wapamwamba, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi fungicides ayenera kupopedwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi iliyonse. Kusankha mankhwala kuyenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi katswiri wa zomera kapena katswiri. Pa udzu wapamwamba, poperani kamodzi pamwezi. ③Pa matenda adzidzidzi ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, mosasamala kanthu za kuchuluka kwa udzu, mankhwala ophera tizilombo ayenera kupopedwa nthawi yake kuti apewe kufalikira.

④ Udzu womwe wawonongeka kwambiri chifukwa cha tizilombo ndi matenda uyenera kusinthidwa pakapita nthawi.

6.Kubowola Udzu, kuchepetsa, ndi kusinthira

① Pa udzu wa mulingo wachiwiri kapena kupitirira apo, mabowo ayenera kubooledwa kamodzi pachaka; kutengera kukula kwa udzu, udzu uyenera kuchepetsedwa kamodzi pa chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri zilizonse; pambuyo poti ntchito zazikulu zachitika, udzu uyenera kuchepetsedwa pang'ono ndikudulidwa mchenga.​

② Kuchepetsa udzu pang'ono: Gwiritsani ntchito chitsulo chotsukira kuti muchotse gawo lopondedwalo mpaka kuzama kwa pafupifupi 5cm. Chotsani dothi lopondedwa ndi zinyalala, ikani feteleza wokonza nthaka ndi mchenga.

③ Kuboola udzu kwakukulu ndi kukonza udzu: Konzani makina, mchenga, ndi zida. Choyamba, gwiritsani ntchito chodulira udzu kuti mudule udzu kachiwiri, gwiritsani ntchito chodulira udzu kuti mukonze udzu, gwiritsani ntchito kuboola mabowo, ndikusesa ndi manja kapena kugwiritsa ntchito chodulira udzu chozungulira. Chotsani matope ndi zotsalira za udzu, ikani feteleza wokonza nthaka ndi kupukuta mchenga.​

④ Ngati pali mabala ofiira kapena mabala akufa okhala ndi mainchesi opitilira 10cm mu udzu wachiwiri kapena kupitirira apo, kapena ngati udzu woopsa wapafupi uli ndi udzu woposa 50% ndipo sungachotsedwe ndi mankhwala ophera udzu, udzu wa udzu m'derali uyenera kusinthidwa pang'ono.​

⑤ Mbali zina za udzu zomwe zili pamwamba pa mlingo wachiwiri zimaponderezedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti udzuwo usakule bwino, ndipo ziyenera kukonzedwa mwa kuchepetsa udzu m'deralo.

⑥ Pa udzu wokongoletsera wa mulingo wachiwiri kapena kupitirira apo womwe umaoneka wouma komanso wachikasu nthawi yozizira, mbewu za udzu wa rye ziyenera kufesedwa chaka chilichonse pakati pa Novembala, ndi mulingo wa 60 square meters/kg.