Mfundo zakusamalira udzundi: ofanana, oyera komanso opanda zodetsa, komanso obiriwira chaka chonse. Pansi pa mikhalidwe yabwino yosamalira, udzu wobiriwira ukhoza kugawidwa m'magawo anayi malinga ndi nthawi yobzala. Choyamba ndi kubzala mpaka gawo lonse, lomwe limatanthauza kubzala koyamba kwa udzu ndi gawo lobzala mpaka chaka chimodzi kapena kuphimba kwathunthu (100% yonse popanda malo otseguka), lomwe limatchedwanso gawo lonse. Chachiwiri ndi gawo lokulira bwino, lomwe limatanthauza zaka 2-5 mutabzala, lomwe limatchedwanso nthawi yokulira bwino. Chachitatu ndi gawo lokulira pang'onopang'ono, lomwe limatanthauza zaka 6-10 mutabzala, lomwe limatchedwanso gawo lokulira pang'onopang'ono. Chachinayi ndi gawo lokulira pang'onopang'ono, lomwe limatanthauza zaka 10-15 mutabzala, lomwe limatchedwanso nthawi yokulira pang'onopang'ono. Pansi pa mulingo wapamwamba wosamalira ndi kuyang'anira, nthawi yokulira pang'onopang'ono ya udzu ikhoza kuchedwetsedwa ndi zaka 5-8.
1. Kuyang'anira gawo lochira
Malinga ndi zofunikira pa kapangidwe ndi njira, udzu watsopano womwe wabzalidwa uyenera kuchotsedwa bwino mbewu za udzu ndi mizu ya udzu, kudzazidwa ndi dothi loyera, kukwezedwa mopyapyala ndikukanikizidwa mpaka masentimita oposa 10 usanayambe kuyika udzu. Pali mitundu iwiri ya kuyika udzu: kuyika udzu wonse ndi kuyika udzu woonda. Kawirikawiri, udzu wokwana sikweya wa 20 × 20 cm umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa malo ochepa. Chigawo chonse sichitha ntchito ndipo chimakhala ndi nthawi yobwezeretsa ya masiku 7-10 okha. Zimatenga nthawi inayake kuti 50% ya malo otseguka a malo ochepa adzaze. Kuyika udzu wa masika ndi Udzu womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'chilimwe umatenga miyezi 1-2 yokha kuti ukhwime, pomwe udzu womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'dzinja ndi m'nyengo yozizira umatenga miyezi 2-3 kuti ukhwime mokwanira. Ponena za kusamalira ndi kusamalira, cholinga chachikulu chimakhala pa kusamalira madzi ndi feteleza. M'dzinja, umakhala wotetezeka ku banga, m'chilimwe sutetezedwa ku dzuwa, ndipo m'dzinja ndi m'nyengo yozizira, udzu umagwiritsidwa ntchito kupewa mphepo ndi chinyezi. Nthawi zambiri, thirani madzi kamodzi m'mawa ndi madzulo mkati mwa sabata mutagwiritsa ntchito udzu, ndikuwona ngati udzuwo wakhwimitsidwa. Mizu ya udzu imafunika kukhala pafupi ndi nthaka. Thirani madzi kamodzi madzulo aliwonse kwa milungu iwiri kapena iwiri mutathira. Pakatha milungu iwiri, thirani madzi kamodzi masiku awiri aliwonse kutengera nyengo ndi nyengo, makamaka kuti munyowetse.
Feteleza feteleza pa sabata iliyonse mpaka miyezi itatu mutabzala. Gwiritsani ntchito yankho la urea la 1-3% pamodzi ndi kuthirira ndi kupopera. Sakanizani kaye kenako ndikukhuthala. Kuyambira pano, gwiritsani ntchito mapaundi 4-6 a urea pa ekala imodzi pamwezi. Pakani madzi nthawi yamvula. , ikani madzi tsiku ladzuwa, ndipo gwiritsani ntchito chodulira udzu kudula udzu pamene udzu uli ndi kutalika kwa 8-10 cm. Kupalira udzu kuyenera kuchitika theka la mwezi mutabzala, kapena kumapeto kwa Januwale. Udzu ukayamba kukula, kukumba ndi kuchotsa udzu nthawi yake, ndikuupopera mutakumba kuti musakhudze kukula kwa udzu waukulu. Udzu wobzalidwa kumene nthawi zambiri umakhala wopanda matenda ndi tizilombo toononga ndipo sufuna kuwongolera kwapadera. Kuti mufulumizitse kukula, 0.1-0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate ikhoza kuthiriridwa ndi kupopera nthawi ina.
2. Kasamalidwe ka nthawi yayitali
Chaka chachiwiri mpaka chachisanu mutabzala udzu ndi nthawi yokulira kwambiri. Udzu wokongola nthawi zambiri umakhala wobiriwira, kotero cholinga chachikulu ndi kusunga udzuwo uli wobiriwira. Pofuna kusamalira madzi, tsegulani nthambi za udzu ndikuonetsetsa kuti nthaka ndi youma koma osati yoyera komanso yonyowa koma yopanda banga. Mfundo yake ndi kuumitsa nthawi ya masika ndi chilimwe komanso yonyowa nthawi yophukira ndi yozizira. Feteleza iyenera kuyikidwa pang'ono komanso mopyapyala, pang'ono kuyambira Epulo mpaka Seputembala wa chaka ndi zina zambiri mbali zonse ziwiri. Gwiritsani ntchito mapaundi 2-4 a urea pa mu iliyonse mutadula udzu. Mu nyengo yokulira kwambiri, samalani feteleza ndi madzi kuti muwongolere kuchuluka kwa kukula, apo ayi nthawi yodula idzawonjezeka ndipo ndalama zosamalira zidzakwera. Kudula ndiye cholinga chachikulu cha gawoli. Kuchuluka kwa kudula ndi ubwino wa kudula zimagwirizana ndi kuwonongeka kwa udzu ndi ndalama zosamalira. Ndikoyenera kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa kudula udzu kufika nthawi 8-10 pachaka, ndi avareji ya kamodzi pamwezi kuyambira February mpaka September, komanso kamodzi miyezi iwiri iliyonse kuyambira October mpaka Januware wa chaka chotsatira. Zofunikira zaukadaulo zodula udzu: Choyamba, kutalika kwa udzu wabwino kwambiri ndi 6-10 cm. Ngati ipitirira 10 cm, ikhoza kudulidwa. Ikapitirira 15 cm, "mitunda ya udzu" idzawonekera ndipo mbali zina zidzakhala ngati mbedza. Panthawiyi, iyenera kudulidwa. Chachiwiri ndi kukonzekera musanadule. Onetsetsani kuti mphamvu ya makina odulira udzu ndi yachibadwa, kuti tsamba la udzu ndi lakuthwa ndipo silinawonongeke, komanso kuti udzuwo ndi woyera popanda miyala ndi zinyalala. Chachitatu ndikugwiritsa ntchito makina odulira udzu. Sinthani mtunda wa tsamba kufika pa 2-4 cm kuchokera pansi (kudula pang'ono nthawi yayitali, kudula kwambiri nthawi yophukira ndi yozizira), pita patsogolo mofulumira, ndipo m'lifupi mwake mumadutsa 3-5 cm nthawi iliyonse popanda kuphonya kudula kulikonse. Chachinayi, yeretsani masamba a udzu mwachangu mukadula, ndipo nyowetsani ndi kuthira feteleza.
3. Kuwongolera magawo ochedwa komanso a nthawi yayitali
Kukula kwa udzu zaka 6-10 mutabzala kwachepa, ndipo masamba ndi tsinde lakufa zikuwonjezeka chaka ndi chaka. Kuwola kwa mizu kumachitika nthawi yotentha komanso yachinyezi, ndipo kumatha kuonongeka ndi Digitonus (kachirombo kometa) nthawi yophukira ndi yozizira. Cholinga chachikulu cha ntchito ndikuteteza ndi kulamulira tizilombo ndi matenda. Zawonedwa kuti patatha masiku atatu madzi atalowa, mizu imayamba kuwola. Madzi atatuluka, pamakhalabe moyo. Pambuyo pa masiku asanu ndi awiri madzi atalowa, mizu yoposa 90% idzakhala yowola ndipo pafupifupi yopanda moyo, kotero udzu uyenera kubwezeretsedwanso. Ngakhale kuti padzakhala kuwola kochepa kwa mizu mkati mwa masiku 1-2 madzi atalowa, kutentha kwakukulu ndi chinyezi pambuyo pa madzi zidzathandiza kuberekana kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikupangitsa kuti mizu iwole. Gwiritsani ntchito thiophanate kapena carbendazim nthawi 800-1000 ndikupopera malo omwe ali ndi matenda nthawi 2-3 (popera kamodzi pa masiku 2-10 aliwonse) kuti mupewe ndikulamulira kuwola kwa mizu. Njoka zokalamba zimadula pansi pa udzu pamwamba, ndikupanga malo ouma. Malowa amakula tsiku ndi tsiku, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonongeka mwachangu komanso kupangitsa madera akuluakulu kukhala ouma. Mukayang'anitsitsa, muyenera kuchotsa udzu kuti mupeze mphutsi. Ndikofunikira kuzindikira msanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo akadali aang'ono. Kawirikawiri, makina opangira feteleza kapena kufalitsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo pamanja amagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa tizilombo. Pakatha masiku atatu, udzu woopsa udzachotsedwa ndipo yankho la urea lidzabwezeretsedwanso. Kukula kudzayambiranso patatha sabata imodzi. Feteleza ndi kasamalidwe ka madzi pang'onopang'ono ziyenera kukulitsidwa kuposa nthawi yopambana, ndipo feteleza wowonjezera mizu ukhoza kuwonjezeka. Ndi bwino kuwongolera kuchuluka kwakudula udzu nthawi mpaka nthawi 7-8 pachaka.
4. Kusamalira gawo la kuwonongeka kwa udzu
Malo odyetsera udzu anayamba kuwonongeka chaka ndi chaka zaka 10 mutabzala, ndipo anawonongeka kwambiri zaka 15 mutabzala. Kusamalira madzi, nthawi youma ndi yamvula, komanso kuletsa madzi kulowa, apo ayi zidzawonjezera kuwola kwa mizu ndi kufa. Limbikitsani kuyang'anira ndi kupewa tizilombo ndi matenda. Panthawiyi, feteleza wochulukirapo ayenera kuwonjezeredwa. Ma feteleza apadera a udzu amatha kupopedwa pamasamba kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zosiyanasiyana za udzu. Zakudya za zomera. Malo omwe ali ndi kufa pang'ono akhoza kubzalidwanso kwathunthu. Malo odyetsera udzu amabwereranso pang'onopang'ono atadulidwa, ndipo kuchuluka kwa nthawi zomwe udzu umadulidwa sikuyenera kupitirira nthawi 6 pachaka chonse. Kuphatikiza apo, chifukwa udzu waukulu ndi woonda, namsongole ndi wosavuta kukula ndipo umafunika kukumba nthawi yake. Kuyang'anira kuyenera kulimbikitsidwa mokwanira panthawiyi kuti kuchedwetse kuwonongeka kwa udzu.
Nthawi yotumizira: Julayi-19-2024